Which circumstances require an organization to appoint a Data Protection Officer (DPO)? Select all that apply.

A Data Protection Officer (DPO) must be appointed under certain circumstances defined by the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). Firstly, organizations that conduct regular and systematic monitoring of data subjects on a large scale must designate a DPO. This requirement emphasizes the need for oversight in privacy practices, especially when monitoring activities can significantly impact the rights and freedoms of individuals.

Additionally, organizations that process large volumes of special categories of personal data, such as data related to health, race, or sexual orientation, are also required to appoint a DPO. This is critical because special categories of data are considered more sensitive, and the regulation specifies additional measures to protect individuals' privacy.

While the processing of large-scale data of minors indeed raises significant concerns, and organizations must employ stringent measures to ensure compliance, the mere existence of such processing does not alone necessitate the appointment of a DPO unless it is combined with systematic monitoring or large-scale processing of sensitive data.

The option concerning private entities does not trigger a DPO requirement, as both public and private organizations must meet specific criteria outlined in the GDPR, rather than their classification as 'private' or 'public' determining the obligation to appoint a DPO. Therefore, the primary catalysts for DPO appointment revolve around the